Essay about Love and Hate in the Poems Havisham and The...

The poems Havisham and The Laboratory teach us that love and hatred are two of the most powerful yet contrasting emotions in this world. In both the poems they are loving to hate and hating to love. This means that when love is given it leaves us vulnerable , and if the love is not returned then it can turn to hate as quick as boiling water to steam. For both women in the poem have been rejected from their men mentally and physically, leaving them nothing but pain and the overwhelming desire of revengence. Both poems are written in the first person giving it a dramatic monologue. The poem; The Laboratory is about a woman who has found out that her husband has been cheating on her with another woman. She goes to the apothecary to get†¦show more content†¦And that her eyes have shrunk and her hands have ropes on the back of them that she could strangle with; which links to the theme of murder and killing. There are comparisons and contrasts in these poems. Examples are used in many different ways. Such as they both use oxymorons; Beloved sweetheart bastard and in the Laboratory on how she Loves to hate. These expressions and words are used to show how angry and how much hatred they have against there men, and what they have done too them. Also in both poems colours are used to describe the way the women are feeling. In Havisham Carol Ann Duffy describes the mans eyes as Dark green pebbles this choice of colour emphasises the anger and the violence she has in her. In the Laboratory the woman uses opposite colours to describe the way she feels; And yonder soft phial, the exquisite blue. Here she is describing the poison and the sick, twisted and insane relationship she has between it to kill her husbands woman on the side. Alliteration is also used in both poems Havisham and The Laboratory. In Havisham at the end the phrase b-b-b-breaks is used. Its not only the heart that breaks, its what rejection has done to her, and its like she is about to break down and cry. In the laboratory she uses phrases like Moisten and mash up thy paste and Pound at thy powder. These phrases are used to express the rage of anger she encounters. The two women desire different things in the poems

Women, Men, Love and Relationships Essays - 1647 Words

Pam Houstons How to Talk to a Hunter Raymond Carvers What We Talk about When We Talk about Love Edna St. Vincent Millays Love Is Not Al, If you ask a woman want they want from a man, most women will provide a list of qualities that have been drilled in their heads since they were little girls. The perfect lifestyle has three things that have to be added together in order to come out with the correct equation. Money, kids, and most of all a wonderful man to provide these things are what women want most in life. One of the most known sayings today is that women go to college to get their MRS degree. The confusing issue to men is that once they find their perfect mate, they are already searching for someone else. What women†¦show more content†¦Frances is another female character who wants her husband to love her, but also seems to want him more the less he wants her. The Girls in Their Summer Dresses, by Irwin Shaw presents a couple who seems to have a lifestyle that many women want. At the beginning of the story, everything seems picture perfect. Frances decides to plan a Sunday in New York for a young couple with money to throw away. The couple soon begins to bicker and Frances becomes jealous when she notices Michael looking at other girls. Michael makes Frances feel uncomfortable and undesirable, but instead of just telling her how she feels, Frances starts inquiring about things that every woman asks, but that no woman really wants to know. The uneasy feeling Frances feels is not only about Michael looking at other girls, but about the insecurity and inferiority she feels around other women. Frances begins to ask questions that she knows the answers to. For example, she asks Michael if he loves her and when he responds with I love you, she is not satisfied. Most men would wonder what should have been said to make Frances happy, but the problem is that no matter what the response, no answer would have been satisfying. 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One of Shakespeares best

One of Shakespeares best-known plays is Romeo and Juliet Essay This play addresses a combination of themes such as forbidden love, innocence and experience. Written in the 17th century and set in Verona, Italy, this play involves two young individuals Romeo and Juliet, who fall in love and break a barrier, that has hunted the families for much time, and then comprehend about unison by their death. The constant conflict happening between Montagues and Capulets created a strong barrier, a barrier that was meant to keep one away from the other. Although these young persons are from completely different families that were in constant conflict, they outstand by showing how love unites forces. The Capulets decided to throw a party to celebrate the marriage of their beautiful daughter (Juliet) to a gentleman later to be Juliets husband (Paris). At the beginning of Act 1 Scene 5, Shakespeare creates an atmosphere of comic-stress and tension. He achieves this by using un-common characters in particular stages in the plot. The serving men are making the final arrangements for the party. The first serving man is in charge and he is frantically giving orders to the other servants who are not where they should be. He increasingly is stressed by their lazy attitude as he bosses them about. FIRST SERVING MAN You are looked for and call for, asked for and sought for, in the great chamber Lines 11 12 FOURTH SERVING MAN We cannot be here and there too. Cheerly, boys, be brisk a while, and the longer liver take all. Lines 13 14 Shakespeare makes the opening of the scene interesting by showing the point of view from an un-usual perspective, in this case from the serving mens. The tension encountered at that stage is comic but not dangerous at all. When Capulet enter with the guests, the atmosphere changes. Capulets tone is one of joviality and excitement. He welcomes his guest in a very proprietorial manner; it makes him seem to be a very self-possessed character. Capulets lack of excitement, contrast with the first serving man. The plots atmosphere clearly stands stable, however, it slightly changes from, when Capulet is having a conversation with his cousin, to when young Romeo asks the serving man for reference about young Juliet. For the audience is a normal change, although, in the script it clearly makes a big wide jump from the entering, the welcome speech, and family conversation to one of Capulets enemy (Romeo). Then after, we see how Romeo appreciates Juliets great beauty by referring to her as: ROMEO As a rich jewel in an Ethiops ear- Line 45 For I neer saw true beauty till this night Line 52 Romeo clearly emphasises the personal impression Juliet has given him, when he expresses her beauty to As a rich jewel in an Ethiops ear, he implies how she outstands from the whole crowd. He then strengthens his emphasis by saying he has never seen such beauty until that night in particular. The atmosphere at this particular stage changed, from a rushed setting to a proprietorial welcome which then lead towards Romeos personal feelings towards Juliet, once again the plot is tranquil and not dangerous. However, the atmosphere is completely changed by Tybalt, when he finds out Romeo, a Montague, is at his house. TYBALT This, by his voice, should be a Montague. Line 53 To strike him dead I hold it not a sin. Line 58 Tybalt makes the audience feel threatened of the current situation, the change of tone throughout the plot makes the audience interest more on what the next move would be. His hate towards the Montagues is very high as he says, To strike him death I hold not a sin the focus on the foes death portrays the hate within the families. .ub15874fa6fe9fcd8572840c710f55d3e , .ub15874fa6fe9fcd8572840c710f55d3e .postImageUrl , .ub15874fa6fe9fcd8572840c710f55d3e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub15874fa6fe9fcd8572840c710f55d3e , .ub15874fa6fe9fcd8572840c710f55d3e:hover , .ub15874fa6fe9fcd8572840c710f55d3e:visited , .ub15874fa6fe9fcd8572840c710f55d3e:active { border:0!important; } .ub15874fa6fe9fcd8572840c710f55d3e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub15874fa6fe9fcd8572840c710f55d3e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub15874fa6fe9fcd8572840c710f55d3e:active , .ub15874fa6fe9fcd8572840c710f55d3e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub15874fa6fe9fcd8572840c710f55d3e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub15874fa6fe9fcd8572840c710f55d3e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub15874fa6fe9fcd8572840c710f55d3e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub15874fa6fe9fcd8572840c710f55d3e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub15874fa6fe9fcd8572840c710f55d3e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub15874fa6fe9fcd8572840c710f55d3e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub15874fa6fe9fcd8572840c710f55d3e .ub15874fa6fe9fcd8572840c710f55d3e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub15874fa6fe9fcd8572840c710f55d3e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ron Daniels finds the space inside Shakespeare EssayTybalt is mislead of his action when Capulet approaches him, wherefore storm you so? Tybalt is then forced to tell his uncle about the Montagues presence. Capulet takes no notice of the matter and tells Tybalt to let him alone, he chooses this path, simply because of his reputation upon his guests, however, Tybalt insist in causing trouble not matter what. Capulets tone sharply endures and emphasises his path by telling Tybalt once again in a much more proprietorial manner: CAPULET Am I the master here, or you? go to! Youll not endure him? God shall mend my soul, Youll make a mutiny among my guests! Lines 77, 78 79 Again, Capulets tone, one of propriety, makes Tybalt back off and realise that is he does not endure Romeo hell then face the consequences. Once again, Shakespeare makes the audience sentimentally be involved with the mutual side of the play, which, in this case is the romantic friction between Romeo Juliet. After the threatening situation that was lately experienced in the play, Shakespeare decides to go back and focus on Romeos status. Romeo then changes the plots atmosphere by referring to Juliet in a sweet and sensible way, in other words, a flirty way made by the romantic appreciation Romeo has for Juliet. ROMEO My lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready stand To smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss. Lines 94 95 Romeo is clearly approaching towards Juliet quite fast, fast enough to get her pregnant. Then, at that time, it was not courteous to express ones feelings in that manner, however, Juliet is used to the chat-up line and briskly adapts to the conversation. JULIET Good pilgrim, you do wrong your hand too much, which mannerly devotion shows in this Lines 96 97 Juliet clearly contrast with the mannerly devotion Romeo refers to her, she is simply being sarcastic, she emphasises her point when she says before mannerly devotion you do wrong. The play simply marks the plots atmosphere as romantic as it could be; this is because Romeo makes some moves, in a sense of kissing her passionately. The audiences response is one of comprehension towards the couples situation. Shakespeare had approached at this particular stage a well thought set that the audience comply in. At some point, the atmosphere change becomes kind of comic, this is because, somehow, it constantly changes at the worst or good moments in the play. Once again, after the romantic and rushed kisses Romeo managed to snatch from Juliets tender lips, the atmosphere changes. This happens after the Nurse interrupts: NURSE Madam, your mother craves a word with you Line 110 Nevertheless, then Romeo asks the nurse about Juliets mother and finds out that Juliets mother is in fact, a Capulet. ROMEO Is she a Capulet? O dear account! My life is my foes debt. Lines 117 118 Romeo clearly accepts the fact that both are from completely different backgrounds, and if he does decide to continue seeing her, then he would have to face the consequences, even his own death. He clearly emphasises this, when he says, My life is my foes debt. Juliet later on, shows personal interest when she asks the nurse reference about Romeo, apart from finding out his real name; she also finds out that he is, in fact, a Montague, the only son of the familys enemy. JULIET My only love sprung from my only hate! Line 137 That I must love a loathed enemy. Line 140 She does realise that he is the familys enemy; however, she is in love with him, although she is being forced to marry someone who she does not have mutual feelings for. .ua0a2e0c05ca0052f60a92c7658929735 , .ua0a2e0c05ca0052f60a92c7658929735 .postImageUrl , .ua0a2e0c05ca0052f60a92c7658929735 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua0a2e0c05ca0052f60a92c7658929735 , .ua0a2e0c05ca0052f60a92c7658929735:hover , .ua0a2e0c05ca0052f60a92c7658929735:visited , .ua0a2e0c05ca0052f60a92c7658929735:active { border:0!important; } .ua0a2e0c05ca0052f60a92c7658929735 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua0a2e0c05ca0052f60a92c7658929735 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua0a2e0c05ca0052f60a92c7658929735:active , .ua0a2e0c05ca0052f60a92c7658929735:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua0a2e0c05ca0052f60a92c7658929735 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua0a2e0c05ca0052f60a92c7658929735 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua0a2e0c05ca0052f60a92c7658929735 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua0a2e0c05ca0052f60a92c7658929735 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua0a2e0c05ca0052f60a92c7658929735:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua0a2e0c05ca0052f60a92c7658929735 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua0a2e0c05ca0052f60a92c7658929735 .ua0a2e0c05ca0052f60a92c7658929735-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua0a2e0c05ca0052f60a92c7658929735:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Romeo Juliet EssayShakespeare has in fact, a tremendous tendency of dominance throughout the whole play, in order to create tension, romance and amongst other things such as danger and comic tension. He makes the audience sympathise with the characters since the start of the play to the very end.

Life Along the Silk Road Essay Example

Life Along the Silk Road Essay There is a route that exists in Central Asia that connects China to the West. In ancient times the Middle Kingdom used these networks of roads to move goods from China to the other side of the world. The most popular commodity that was being traded is silk therefore this passageway is now popularly known as the â€Å"Silk Road†. Susan Whitfield’s goal in writing the book is to show that there is much to this route than just silk. It is in fact a tool used to connect different cultures. Janey Levy writing about the fabled trade route supports the idea espoused by Whitfield. And Levy asserts, â€Å"The name ‘Silk Road’ is somewhat misleading. The ‘road’ was actually a system of different routes. Europe was also part of the trade network, linked to the Middle East and the Silk Road by a second system of routes† (p. 4). This also means that aside from trading of commodities the road systems are in effect allowing the movement of ideas between different worlds. We will write a custom essay sample on Life Along the Silk Road specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Life Along the Silk Road specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Life Along the Silk Road specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Location Now that it has been established that the famous Silk Road is not actually a major thoroughfare that branches out from China to the outside world, it is still important to pinpoint the heart of the network. Whitfield explains that at the heart of the Silk Road is Central Asia. Whitfield then provides a more detailed description of the major theme of the book by explaining the strategic importance of Central Asia and she said that many of Eastern Empires like the Arabs, Chinese, Turks and Tibetans– wanted desperately to take Central Asia. Through the eyes of these empire builders Whitfield painted her own version of what it was life living in these ancient lands. This was made possible by the rigors of the discipline of archaeology. The artifacts and bone fragments from the facts are now directly communicating to the curious students of Central Asian history of the 21st century – this is one of the main themes of the book. Silk Road The more popular explanation as to the purpose of the â€Å"Silk Road† dwells heavily on trading. As mentioned earlier, silk is not the only product traded in these parts. Levy made a basic list of what changed hands between Chinese, Arabs, Tibetans, and Turks in ancient times and she wrote, â€Å"China also exported such things as medicinal herbs, oranges, teas, gunpowder, compasses, furs, carved jade, bronze objects† while the Chinese imported, â€Å"†¦gold, silver, glassware, ivory, wool rugs, nuts, peaches, cucumbers, onions, cotton, and horses† (p. 4). Whitfield does not dwell much on the issue of trade as much as Levy does. Whitfield makes it clear after a few pages that yes, the system of roadways are used for export-import business. There is almost no incentive needed to make various people groups in this region to interact than the prospect of making a fortune. But there is more aside from the urge to make great wealth. Whitfield also focused on another fascinating aspect of the Silk Road and it is the development of civilization and the interactions of cultures as they meet to transact within these routes. Moreover, a major feature of the book is its attempt to explain the â€Å"complex succession of power† that occurred in the region that could explain the rise and fall of civilizations and the development of future governments in proximity to the region. Aside from the political and economic aspect of the Silk Road, Whitfield also provided space to discuss in detail the development of religion through the use of the different routes. Missionaries as well as traveling holy men allow for the propagation of different faith during ancient times. Whitfield listed some of the more popular and more significant religions that played a major role in the development of China, Mongolia, India, and even as far as Russia. Some of these are enumerated as follows: a) Zoroastrianism; b) Christianity; c) Judaism; d) Manicheism; e) Hinduism; and f) Buddhism. Analysis In the first few chapters alone, Whitfield using information gleaned from archeology as well as ancient manuscripts was able to reconstruct what really happened more than a thousand years ago. In the almost forgotten lands of Central Asia there was indeed a system of enterprise established by businessmen with encouragement from their respective governments and consumers back home. The book led the proponent to visualize the excitement felt among those who participated in the exchange of goods. One could just imagine the feeling of amazement experienced by a Chinese man upon seeing his reflection for the first time using a mirror imported from the West. On the other hand it is exciting to imagine what went on the mind of the first European who ever handled gunpowder. Another fascinating aspect of this whole trading network is the underlying cultural exchange that happened during the various transaction and the sheer force of curiosity as one person longs to understand more clearly what the other person is saying or selling. There might have been a system or organization put in place to ensure orderly business transactions. This same organization or system was also used to address the problem of money and other currency such as precious metals like gold and silver. The organization or task force whatever the ancients called it is some sort of a forerunner to the present United Nations. The idea that harbinger of the present day U.N. can be seen within the Silk Road system is not that hard to imagine. First of all there is a need for some to be experts in languages, some are very good interpreters. Secondly, a sort of a U.N. body may have been established to address the enormous problem of settling disputes and the need for diplomacy to prevent bloodshed because in business oftentimes there will be lying, cheating, robbery, and murder. With regards to religion, the Silk Road was some sort of an information highway. News does not travel as fast as it is today yet still it provided an impetus for missionaries and other men of faith to move from India and the Middle East to the rest of the world as long as it is connected to the intricate network of roads. This simply means that the Silk Road expedited the transformation of the region. It is just unfortunate that history unfolded in favor of the Western nations and not the Middle Kingdom which was the force behind the Silk Road enterprise. Instead of getting so much more from opening up trade routes what actually happened was that China made technology transfer more accessible to the West. The gunpowder and compass that was perfected in China was then used by the Western world to dominate the globe. And in the chain of events, China was left behind. It is only in the 21st century, more than a thousand years after the Silk Road really captured the imagination of Asia and Eurasia, did China bounced back and now deals with the rest of the world in the same way as it used to be – a dragon that through trade will change the world.

Free Essays on Progressivism

Progressive Movement: Middle class influenced by Darwinian revolution, focusing on problems created by expanding industrial world. Realistic, ie took surveys and such. Henry George’s Progress and Poverty and Edward Bellamy’s Looking Backward set precedent. Believed world in flux, so rebel against fixed issues in every field. Unfortunately, progressivisim did not usually mean progress for blacks. Frances Kellor- lawyer turned social reformer, believed poverty and inequality could be eliminated and that if Americans heard truth about millions living in urban slums, they would rise up and change things. Provided documents of wrongs in industrial America. Like many progressives, thought environment was more important than heredity in determining ability, and happiness. Better schools/housing produce better citizens, went as far to argue criminals victims of environment. Helped to found the National Committee for Immigrants in America and Division of Immigrant Education w/in Dept of Education. Supported Roosevelt’s Progressive Party (which lost) John Dewey- philosopher who wrote that ideas could be instruments for change. Experimented with progressive education, at Univ of Chicago replaced school desks with movable seats. â€Å"Child-centered, not subject-oriented† Students should learn by doing, put into action. William James- upheld pragmatism and denied universal truths. Ideas should be judged by their usefulness. The Muckrakers- group of writers exposed to corruption and other evils in American society. (dubbed by Teddy Roosevelt). Not all were reformers, some wanted to profit from scandals. Can be seen as product of the journalistic revolution of the 1890s. Atlantic, Century, Scriber’s read by highly educated. American, McClure’s, Cosmopolitan were slick, carried ads, sold more widely. Lincoln Steffens- wrote for McClure’s to expose connections btw respectable businessmen and corrupt politicians. Determined to co... Free Essays on Progressivism Free Essays on Progressivism Progressive Movement: Middle class influenced by Darwinian revolution, focusing on problems created by expanding industrial world. Realistic, ie took surveys and such. Henry George’s Progress and Poverty and Edward Bellamy’s Looking Backward set precedent. Believed world in flux, so rebel against fixed issues in every field. Unfortunately, progressivisim did not usually mean progress for blacks. Frances Kellor- lawyer turned social reformer, believed poverty and inequality could be eliminated and that if Americans heard truth about millions living in urban slums, they would rise up and change things. Provided documents of wrongs in industrial America. Like many progressives, thought environment was more important than heredity in determining ability, and happiness. Better schools/housing produce better citizens, went as far to argue criminals victims of environment. Helped to found the National Committee for Immigrants in America and Division of Immigrant Education w/in Dept of Education. Supported Roosevelt’s Progressive Party (which lost) John Dewey- philosopher who wrote that ideas could be instruments for change. Experimented with progressive education, at Univ of Chicago replaced school desks with movable seats. â€Å"Child-centered, not subject-oriented† Students should learn by doing, put into action. William James- upheld pragmatism and denied universal truths. Ideas should be judged by their usefulness. The Muckrakers- group of writers exposed to corruption and other evils in American society. (dubbed by Teddy Roosevelt). Not all were reformers, some wanted to profit from scandals. Can be seen as product of the journalistic revolution of the 1890s. Atlantic, Century, Scriber’s read by highly educated. American, McClure’s, Cosmopolitan were slick, carried ads, sold more widely. Lincoln Steffens- wrote for McClure’s to expose connections btw respectable businessmen and corrupt politicians. Determined to co... Free Essays on Progressivism Progressivism: My Teaching Philosophy As educators, I believe it is important that personal beliefs about education be explored. This should be an ongoing and evolving process; however I find the philosophy of progressivism within my fundamental beliefs about teaching. Everyone has their own opinion or ideas about how education should operate and what should be the focus of it. As someone who has just been introduced to many of the educational philosophies and ideas, it is essential that I focus on what I consider to be of value. As a teacher in the near future, I would like to see my students find it within themselves to challenge their minds and challenge each other. It will be improbable to find a classroom full of students that all have the same goals and aspirations in mind, so my challenge is to guide them in the right direction. Seeing that every school needs a curriculum, it is vital to understand what that curriculum is and how to approach it. With the curriculum comes different teaching methods and different approaches to passing on the information. I find that the educational philosophy of progressivism is huge. Progressivism really connects with my beliefs in teaching. This method works by allowing students to learn by doing hands on activities and challenging themselves without even knowing it. Since progressivism is a â€Å"child-centered† method, it enables the students to be free to experiment on their own. The child has a voice in what he/she is learning and that is extremely valuable. Not only does the student have a voice but, the teacher is a guide for them. As the teacher guides the students, the main emphasis is not content but process and how to think is more essential than what to think. Within progressivism, there are some things that progressivism should not be and the one that real ly caught my eye was that it should not use fear of physical punishment as a form of discipline. This is something that all ...

Barnum Brown the Famous Paleontologist

Barnum Brown the Famous Paleontologist Barnum Brown Born/Died 1873-1963 Nationality American Dinosaurs Named Ankylosaurus, Corythosaurus, Leptoceratops, Saurolophus About Barnum Brown Named after, but not related to, P.T. Barnum (of traveling circus fame), Barnum Brown had a flamboyant personality to match. For much of his long life, Brown was the chief fossil hunter for the American Museum of Natural History in New York, and he participated in a huge number of digs, including one that unearthed the very first Tyrannosaurus Rex skeleton in southeastern Montana (Brown, unfortunately, didn’t get to name his find; that honor went to museum president Henry Osborn). Despite the large number of fossil finds to his credit, mostly in Montana and Canadas Alberta province, Brown is remembered more as an energetic, tireless, well-traveled digger than as a published paleontologist (though he did write some influential papers). His techniques seem to have matched his personality: in the early 20th century, his preferred method for finding fossils was to blow up huge tracts of land with dynamite, scour the rubble for bones, and cart the resulting finds back to base camp on horse-drawn carriages. Befitting his name, Barnum Brown had his share of eccentricities, many of them recounted in a memoir published by his wife, I Married a Dinosaur. For publicity purposes, he insisted on being photographed at his fossil digs wearing an oversized fur coat, and he claimed to work as an intelligence asset for the U.S. government during World War I and World War II and as a corporate spy for various oil companies during his trips abroad. He was referred to by his closest friends as Mr. Bones.

Financial Analysis of Marks and Spencer Research Paper

Financial Analysis of Marks and Spencer - Research Paper Example New innovative product and services. Charge cards, currency exchange and wedding insurance Large investment on R&D with long and existing history on brand development (e.g. Charge cards, wedding and travel insurance). Effective and easy distribution chain. Stores located in almost all of UK major cities, online sales and catalogue. Co-branding with HSBC a great opportunity for new products and services launch Continuous improvement and development of new products i.e. charge card, wedding insurance with musicians and artists. Many of the brands are well known, cost leadership with high quality. A major player in the clothing industry with continuous increase in record revenue and own brand of children's apparel Low cost operators, product differentiation, broad market focus Opportunities. Developing market opportunities and emerging markets. The potentials associated with the internet are numerous. Creating a customer supplier interface will proof quite profitable. Developing countries markets still remain virgin. This market makesup80% of the world's population. Entering and strengthening holds into potential markets such as India and China. Opportunities for merger, acquisition, and joint ventures are bound. The world becoming a global village is an indication of weakening trade barriers. The creation of a common market for Europe and Africa. Mortgage lending makes up about 75% of UK retail lending market. Opportunities abound in this market. Existing relationship with HSBC bank could be exploited as a breakthrough into other European markets. E-marketing for M&S money could create a strategic interface with other product of the M&S group . Threats More than ten competitors and other niche players operating almost in the same markets and products....This section also uses the balance score card to provide a methodology for approaching the valuation and an appraisal of the method used as opposed to other methods. Section 5 provides a conclusion and a recommendation. Marks and Spencer Group plc is the holding company of the Marks & Spencer group of companies. The Company is a retailer of clothing, food and home products. The Company trades in wholly owned stores in the Republic of Ireland and Hong Kong, as well as in worldwide franchise stores. It had 144 Simply Food stores across the United Kingdom. International business comprises wholly owned stores, in the Republic of Ireland and Hong Kong, and 198 M&S branded franchise stores worldwide, including 22 stores opened during the fiscal year ended April 1, 2006. The company proves to be the most profitable earning a return on equity of 45% in 2006. One can also observe improvements in the figures from 2005 except the figure for return on investment which witnessed a decrease from 12% in 2005 to 10% in 2006. However, the company is more profitable than most of the industry peer group. The liquidity ratios show that the operating leverage is very high. This is because it current liabilities outweigh current assets. Its cash flows from operations might therefore be unable to cover current liabilities.

Writing Response to Freire Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Writing Response to Freire Article - Essay Example Freire was capable of weaving together, and draw upon a number of components of taking into consideration practice and liberation. He used the term banking education to critique and describe the conventional system of education. This term depicts students as containers which are empty, and tutors must fill with information and knowledge. This process promotes lack of knowledge ownership and critical thinking in students, which in turn causes oppression. Additionally, he describes this education as one which the teacher is the subject and students as passive objects (Freire 13). This makes education a course of depositing information to passive students. This paper will look at the banking concept of education. The article brings into focus a number of essential points. First, Freire highlights the notion of dialogue. His emphasis on dialogue has adversely affected those concerned with informal and popular education. According to him, dialogue should not be based on one individual act ing on another, but rather individuals cooperating with one another (Freire 43). He argues that much of education involves the educator depositing knowledge to the on e he or she is educating. Second, there is the issue of praxis. Praxis entails an informed action. Dialogue should not only be about increasing understanding but also to contribute to changing the world. Dialogue should also entail respect.

The United States and South Korean view on North Korea Essay Example for Free

The United States and South Korean view on North Korea Essay Abstract: Since the declaration of North Korea’s nuclear experiments, many countries have reacted negatively towards the subject. Most concerns have come from the United States and South Korea, as the two countries have close ideologies on North Korea’s policies. Relatively, the North Korea’s history had its focus on military power, politically. The strategic location of the country around the Sea Japan 50 nm on maritime force and the mountainous terrains between Russia, China and South Korea, makes the area isolated from the influences it could get on the political aspect. Its current leader, Kim Jong IL, has permanently believed on the Juche and Independence. Hence, its subsequent actions towards other countries have been very open in accordance to its motivations. Tying up with the concrete documents and studies on North Korea’s geopolitical position, the observation of United States and South Korea remains concurrent and comprehensive. Historical Background:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before, North Korea has existing ties with the Soviet Union, giving the country a chance to exploit the relationship of United States and the Soviet Union. However, the wind suddenly blew away from the North Korea’s political objectives, as Soviet Union diminished its relationship with North Korea in the 1980’s. It leaves the country of no military alliance to a powerful country and becomes isolated for a very long period (wiki.galbijim.com, 1993). Because of the subsequent negative events on North Korea, the decision to make talks with South Korea became inevitable in 1984 leaving the South Korea-U.S. team military exercise cancelled in June 1992. Following this action was the Declaration of Denuclearization on the Korean Peninsula on December 31, 1991, which bans the testing, manufacture, production, possession, storage, deployment, receipt, and use of nuclear weapons on the peninsula (wiki.galbjim.com, 1993).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Its resistance to be absorbed by the South Korea’s growing economic success has mediated the motivation of North Korea to make efforts of military advancements, which serves nuclear power as a choice of military force. As the news of nuclear testing in North Korea spread, United States declared a deadline for the country’s submissive alliance to their policies (english.ohmynews.com, 2006). North Korea’s nuclear test in October 9, 2006 has been the desperate option of North Korea to avert a threat in regime collapse and the reunification to South Korea (Jae Hoon, 2006). Objectives: To observe differences between the South Korea’s and United States opinion on North Korea nuclear tests. To describe how the sea power and air force of North Korea has developed after its separation from the Soviet Union. To determine the reasons for its obvious resistance from South Korea’s growing opportunities of political power. To analyze the future methods planned by the United States government against North Korea’s political strategies. To distinguish which countries have the volition over North Korea’s desperate actions concerning military and political methods. Technical Approach:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This research will examine different sources coming from North Korea’s web archive, the United States’ CIA World Fact book, and articles containing the geopolitical stance of North Korea. Furthermore, it will reexamine the geography and its influence to North Korea’s capability upon its engagement on warfare. Tables, maps and appendices will also be provided when necessary. Bibliography: â€Å"Analysis: Bush Knows that Iran is not North Korea.† 2 November 2007. 30 January 2008. http://www.iran-resist.org/article3948 Avery, E. Squassoni, S. â€Å"North Korea’s Nuclear Test: Motivations, Implications, and U.S. Options.† 24 October 2006. 30 January 2008. http://fas.org/sgp/crs/nuke/RL33709.pdf. Bulychev, G. â€Å"The Geopolitics of the North Korea-South Korea Rail Link to China, Russia and Europe.† 30 May 2006. 30 January 2008. http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=10350. Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. â€Å"Politics.† 30 January 2008. http://www.korea-dpr.com/. Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. â€Å"Geography.† 30 January 2008. http://www.korea-dpr.com/. â€Å"Geopolitical Changes: New World Order and North Korean Security.† June 1993. 30 January 2008. http://wiki.galbijim.com/Loc2:Geopolitical_Changes:_New_World_Order_and_North_Korean_Securitys of June 1993. Harding, A. â€Å"South Korea’s Anger Over Nuclear Test.† 14 October 2006. 30 January 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6048344.stm. Jae Hoon, S. â€Å"North Korea’s Nuclear Gamble.† 10 October 2006. 30 January 2008. http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=8274. Jones, N. â€Å"North Korea’s Nuclear Test and Pacific Geopolitics.† 15 December 2006. 30 January 2008. http://www.globalengage.org/media/article.aspx?id=2032 Kalinowski, J. CIA World Fact book-North Korea. 29 October 2000. 30 January 2008. http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1378861. Kim Beng, P. â€Å"A Shift in the Regional Balance of Power After North Koreas Nuclear Test?† 2006. 30 January 2008. http://www.aseanfocus.com/asiananalysis/article.cfm?articleID=995. Klinger, B. â€Å"North Korea: Clouds Block the Sunshine at the Six-Party Talks.† 10 January 2008. 30 January 2008. http://www.heritage.org/Research/AsiaandthePacific/wm1771.cfm. Nicksch, L. â€Å"North Korea’s Nuclear Weapon’s Program.† 5 April 2002. 30 January 2008. Olsen, E. â€Å"U.S.-North Korea: From Brinkmanship to Dialogue.† 1 April 2003. 30 January 2008. http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/rsepResources/si/apr03/eastAsia.asp. Pei, M. Mastro, O. â€Å"How to Deal with North Korea.† 31 December 2006. 30 January 2008. http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=viewid=18918prog=zch,zgpproj=znpp. Staff Writers. â€Å"North Korea Vows To Bolster Military Power.† 25 March 2007. 30 January 2007. http://www.spacewar.com/reports/North_Korea_Vows_To_Bolster_Military_Power_999.html. Suk, H.H. â€Å"N Korea Military Tactics In A War With US: A Strategy Of Massive Retaliations Against US Attacks.†Ã‚   24 March 2008 http://www.rense.com/general37/nkorr.htm. Tanweer, A. â€Å"North Korea, South Korea: U.S. Policy at the time of Crisis.† Journal of Third World Studies. Spring 2005. 30 January 2008. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3821/is_200504/ai_n13642816. Tanaka, A. â€Å"Overview of Geopolitical Risks in Northeast Asia.† 30 January 2008. http://www.sais-jhu.edu/centers/reischauer/MOFTanaka.pdf. Thor. â€Å"Korea, North and South: The Geopolitics of Unification.† 30 January 2001. 30 January 2008. http://thormay.net/koreadiary/northsouth1.html.

Laurent Clerc Pioneer Teacher Essays -- Essays Papers

Laurent Clerc Pioneer Teacher 1785-1869 Laurent Clerc was born in LaBalme, France, on Dec. 26 1785. His father was Mayor of the town and the family could boast of a long line of magistrates in the Clerc lineage. At the age of one, the infant fell from a kitchen chair by accident into a nearby fireplace. He was burned on one side of his face and a fever left him totally deaf. He had uncle also named Laurent Clerc, who heard about the school for the deaf in Paris. When he was twelve years old, his uncle brought him to Paris and took him in the Royal Institution for the Deaf. In 1816, his eight year as a teacher, an event happened which changed the course of his life. He met a young idealist from America, Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, who had gone to Paris to learn the best method of educating the deaf. Gallaudet could spend three months at the Royal Institution. He realized that Clerc had the expertise and "deaf experience" to help him fulfill his mission of found the first school for the deaf in America. Clerc became the assistant. Clerc and Gallaudet rode on the ship. Gallaudet taught Clerc the English language and Clerc taught Gallaudet sign language. They arrived in New York on Aug.9th. Gallaudet was Clerc's interpreter and Clerc gave many speeches. They spent the next seven months traveling throughout the east, from Boston to Philadephia. They also interviewed parents of deaf children. The first school was established at Hartford. It opened on April 15, 1817. Gall...

What is swatch

Marketing planning – Introduction Author: Jim Riley Last updated: Sunday 23 September, 2012 Introduction A plan is a way of achieving something. Your revision plan is a way of helping to achieve success in business studies exams. The Christmas present shopping list is a simpler example of a plan – a way of ensuring that no-one gets missed on 25 December. In business, It Is no different.If a business wants to achieve something, It Is more likely to do so with a well-constructed and realistic plan. What does planning involve? Planning involves: ? Setting objectives, quantifying targets for achievement, and communicating these targets to people responsible for achieving them Selecting strategies, tactics, programmes etc for achieving the objectives. The whole topic of planning brings with it some Important terminology that it is worth spending time getting to know well.You will come across these terms many times In your study of marketing (and business studies in general): Strategy Strategy is the method chosen to achieve goals and objectives Example: Our strategy is to grow sales and profits of our existing products and to broaden our business by ntroducing new products to our existing markets Tactics Tactics are the resources that are used in the agreed strategy Example: We will use our widespread distribution via UK supermarkets to Increase sales and existing products and Introduce new products Goals Goals concern what you are trying to achieve.Goals provide the â€Å"intention† that influence the chosen actions Marketing planning – values and vision Introduction to Values and Vision Values form the foundation of a business' management style. Values provide the Justlflcatlon of behaviour and, therefore, exert significant Influence on marketing decisions. hy are values Important in marketing? Many Japanese businesses have used the value system to provide the motivation to make them global market leaders.They have created an obsession about winning that is communicated at all levels of the business that has enabled them to take market share from competitors that appeared to be unassailable. For example, at the start of the 1970's Komatsu was less than one third the size of the market leader – Caterpillar – and relied on Just one line of smaller bulldozers for most of Its revenues. By the late 1980's it had passed Caterpillar as the world leader in earth-moving quipment.It had also adopted an aggressive diversification strategy that led it into markets such as industrial robots and semiconductors. If â€Å"values† shape the behaviour of a business, what is meant by â€Å"vision† and how does it relate to marketing planning? To succeed In the long term, businesses need a vision of how they will change and Improve In the future. The vlslon of the business gives It energy. strategy. What are the components of an effective business vision?Davidson identifies six requirements for success: â €“ Provides future direction – Expresses a consumer benefit – Is realistic – Is motivating Must be fully communicated – Consistently followed and measured Example: Our goal is to achieve market leadership in our existing markets Objectives Objectives are goals that can be quantified Examples: – We aim to achieve a market share of 20% in our existing markets – We aim to penetrate new markets by achieving a market share of at least 5% within 3 years – We aim to achieve sales of growth of 15% per annum with our existing products Aims Aims are goals that cannot be measured in a reliable way.However, they remain important as a means of providing direction and focus. Examples: We aim to delight ur customers Marketing Study Note Home I Latest Marketing Resources from the tutor2u Blog I Marketing Revision Quizzes Marketing Objectives Introduction to marketing objectives Let's face it. Of the four main functional areas ofa business, market ing has to be the most important! Marketing is at the heart of a business.Remember the definition of marketing: â€Å"The process of identifying, anticipating (predicting) and satisfying customer needs profitably' Almost every activity that a business undertakes can be linked back to this definition, whether it is: Raising finance to support an investment n new product development Introducing quality assurance and lean production to improve product profitability Training staff to improve customer service standards Ultimately, almost every functional activity or objective can be linked back to marketing.A similar picture emerges when you consider how corporate objectives link to the functional objectives for marketing. Typical corporate objectives might be to: Bea market leader within 5 years To grow market share by 5% in core markets To become the most trusted and recognised brand in our industry Each of these has a strong marketing element. Marketing objectives need to be seen as part of a hierarchy of objectives, in the sense that they are shaped and informed by the corporate objectives.A corporate objective influences a marketing objective, which in turn shapes the marketing strategies and marketing tactics employed: Marketing planning – the mission statement Mission A strategic marketing plan starts with a clearly defined business mission. Mintzberg defines a mission as follows: â€Å"A mission describes the organisation's basic function in society, in terms of the products and services it produces for its customers†. A clear business mission should ave each of the following elements: Taking each element of the above diagram in turn, what should a good mission contain? (1) A Purpose Why does the business exist?Is it to create wealth for shareholders? Does it exist to satisfy the needs of all stakeholders (including employees, and society at large? ) (2) A Strategy and Strategic Scope A mission statement provides the commercial logic for the business and so defines two things: – The products or services it offers (and therefore its competitive position) – The competences through which it tries to succeed and its method of competing A usiness' strategic scope defines the boundaries of its operations. These are set by management. For example, these boundaries may be set in terms of geography, market, business method, product etc.The decisions management make about strategic scope define the nature of the business. (3) Policies and Standards of Behaviour A mission needs to be translated into everyday actions. For example, if the business mission includes delivering â€Å"outstanding customer service†, then policies and standards should be created and monitored that test delivery. These might include onitoring the speed with which telephone calls are answered in the sales call centre, the number of complaints received from customers, or the extent of positive customer feedbackvia questionnaires. 4) Valu es and Culture The values of a business are the basic, often un-stated, beliefs of the people who work in the business. These would include: Business principles (e. g. social policy, commitments to customers) Loyalty and commitment (e. g. are employees inspired to sacrifice their personal goals for the good of the business as a whole? And does the usiness demonstrate a high level of commitment and loyalty to its staff? ) Guidance on expected behaviour – a strong sense of mission helps create a work environment where there is a common purpose What role does the mission statement play in marketing planning?In practice, a strong mission statement can help in three main ways: It provides an outline of how the marketing plan should seek to fulfil the mission It provides a means of evaluating and screening the marketing plan; are marketing decisions consistent with the mission? It provides an incentive to implement the marketing plan Marketing planning – the link with strate gy Businesses that succeed do so by creating and keeping customers. They do this by management constantly have to assess which customers they are trying to reach and how they can design products and services that provide better value (â€Å"competitive advantage†).The main problem with this process is that the â€Å"environment† in which businesses operate is constantly changing. So a business must adapt to reflect changes in the environment and make decisions about how to change the marketing mix in order to succeed. This process of adapting and decision-making is known as arketing planning. Where does marketing planning fit in with the overall strategic planning of a business? Strategic planning (which you will cover in your studies of â€Å"strategy' is concerned about the overall direction of the business.It is concerned with marketing, of course. But it also involves decision-making about production and operations, finance, human resource management and other bus iness issues. The objective of a strategic plan is to set the direction of a business and create its shape so that the products and services it provides meet the overall business objectives. Marketing has a key role to play in strategic planning, because it is the Job of marketing management to understand and manage the links between the business and the â€Å"environment†.Sometimes this is quite a straightforward task. For example, in many small businesses there is only one geographical market and a limited number of products (perhaps only one product! ). However, consider the challenge faced by marketing management in a multinational business, with hundreds of business units located around the globe, producing a wide range of products. How can such management keep control of marketing decision-making in such a complex ituation? This calls for well-organised marketing planning.What are the key issues that should be addressed in marketing planning? The following questions lie at the heart of any marketing (or indeed strategic) planning process: Where are we now? How did we get there? Where are we heading? Where would we like to be? How do we get there? Are we on course? Why is marketing planning essential? Businesses operate in hostile and increasingly complex environment. The ability of a business to achieve profitable sales is impacted by dozens of environmental factors, any of which are inter-connected.It makes sense to try to bring some order to this chaos by understanding the commercial environment and bringing some strategic sense to the process of marketing products and services. A marketing plan is useful to many people in a business. It can help to: Identify sources of competitive advantage Gain commitment to a strategy Get resources needed to invest in and build the business Inform stakeholders in the business Set objectives and strategies Measure performance justification of behaviour and, therefore, exert significant influence on marketing e cisions.Why are values important in marketing? Caterpillar – and relied on Just one line of smaller bulldozers for most of its revenues. markets such as industrial robots and semiconductors. If shape the marketing planning? To succeed in the long term, businesses need a vision of how they will change and improve in the future. The vision of the business gives it energy. It helps motivate employees. It helps set the direction of corporate and marketing providing better value for the customer than the competition. Marketing Marketing planning – values and vision

Advantages and Disadvantages of Having a Mobile Phone

This is a quite hot topic,espeaially for students in campus! net has collected this sample coposition for you! 1. 2. 3. Nowadays,with the rapid development of IT and information industry, cell phones play a dominant role in towns people's life. But, like everything else, they have both favorable and mffavorahle aspects. First, it's useful. As a wireless mobile telephone, it's easy and handy to early to wherever one goes and call the callee however far away he is. Therefore, it greatly facilitates people's life. Second, it's convenient. Whenever one meets trouble or something urgent, one can nmke a call immediately. Most important of all, it's a very helpful companion. With a multirfunction cell phone in hand, one can easily get on the Net, browsing the useful information, conducting e-commerce and doing whatever one can do via Internet. However, just as everything has two sides, the cell phone also has many disadvantages. To begin with, it's expensive to buy and costly to pay the hills, esp. that of global service. To make matters worse, it's also easy to lose and costly to get it repaired. Worst of all,it's not as clear as a family telephone and sometimes the number dialed is often not available. Last but not least, it's alleged the microwaves in it might do harm to people's health. In my opinion,with its expenses greatly reduced after China's entry into the WTO, it will face an ever brighter future in its development. Someday most of them will be developed into new Intemet-enabled mobile phones, which will be as useful as pocket computers. And I believe its advantages will not only offset its disadvantages, but also far outweigh them.

7 Pep Talk Points About Writing

7 Pep Talk Points About Writing 7 Pep Talk Points About Writing 7 Pep Talk Points About Writing By Mark Nichol Fiction? Nonfiction? It doesn’t matter. It’s all about getting started, but you’ll need a few supplies, and some directions, for your journey: 1. The Elevator Pitch Imagine you’re in an elevator, and a literary agent, a theatrical producer, or a movie star steps in. After a quick greeting (we’re fantasizing here), you mention that you’re writing a story and they ask you what it’s about (fantasizing roll with it). You have 15 seconds before they step off the elevator and (unless you take my advice) out of your life forever. What do you say? That’s an elevator pitch. Without a pitch, you have no story. (Sometimes it’s the first sentence.) Nonfiction? Same. 2. The First Word Sit down and write the first word that comes into your head. The page isn’t blank anymore, and you now have permission to continue. 3. Procrastination Work it into your writing schedule. When you’re getting started each day, allow 5, 10, or 15 minutes to do something else an administrative task, a spot of research, scanning your notes or what you wrote yesterday (but don’t dive in to revise it). Then, when your time is up, get to work. 4. Exposition You’ve heard it before, but you can’t be reminded often enough: Show, don’t tell. Don’t describe how someone feels; illustrate attitude or emotion with actions, not observations. This rule applies to nonfiction as well as fiction. 5. Purpose â€Å"What’s my motivation?† is the cliched actor’s query, but it’s a good question. Your characters are actors, too (but let’s not get distracted about film rights just yet). What do they want? What are they willing to do to get it? When you answer the first question, it’s easier to produce the answer to the second one also known as a story. 6. Challenges A story without obstacles is like well, like a dull story. Readers identify with characters who get knocked down, dust themselves off, and get knocked down again. Rinse and repeat. Whether, on the last page, they end up on their feet or on a slab is up to you, but a story without significant challenges to the protagonist(s) is called a manuscript, not a book. 7. Rejection Did you give up on dating after you were turned down the first time? If you want your manuscript to â€Å"go out with† an editor or an agent, you must persevere. Each â€Å"No† brings you one step closer to â€Å"Yes.† And there will be a â€Å"Yes.† Unless you quit before you hear it. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to Use â€Å"That,† â€Å"Which,† and â€Å"Who†Using the Active Voice to Strengthen Your WritingCapitalizing Titles of People and Groups

English Essay Writing Outline

English Essay Writing Outline English Essay Writing Outline English Essay Writing Outline Prior to writing English essay, you need to develop strategies for thinking and questioning. Setting up comparisons, questioning propositions, checking an argument for validity are all relevant for essay writing. Here are some useful strategies for your English essay writing outline. Ultimately, you will need to devise the one you can comfortably use while writing college English essay. Strategy one: Introduction (raise an issue). Say why X, Y and Z are important. Say what your English essay discusses and what the order is in which it is structured. Set the context, generate a background, and touch on issues. Review the background literature if it is necessary for English essay writing. Make specific comparisons. Give examples. Construct an argument based on evidence (main body of an essay). Draw some conclusions if you can. Summarize if necessary and point out any important implications. Add references, bibliography, and an appendix. Strategy two: Decide on approximately ten areas you want to write about. Write an outline and introduction. Write logically from paragraph to paragraph. Search for a more appropriate structure. Try out at least 3 structures. Choose one of these and redraft an English essay. Look at the overall shape. Is there an argument? Use a checklist devised by you to see if you have considered everything you needed to consider. Add references, bibliography, and an appendix. Good Essay Topics There are many ways to write about the same essay topic. Writing an essay sometimes you are clarifying a point, sometimes analyzing the implications of the point you have just made. Below are the four common strategies for English essay writing.   You are welcome to choose any strategy: 1 Describing 2 Interpreting 3 Generalizing 4 Hypothesizing The commonest form of English essay writing and the one that is the easiest to apply is describing. Description may be essential if you have to analyze the rigorous analysis and provide insightful comment. It is rarely possible to sustain lengthy description without moving to other forms of writing, especially if it is passive, factual description of events and situations. If you are not sure whether your academic English essay writing is descriptive without being analytical, try to find propositions within the essay. If none exists, then you probably have a mere description rather than expression of a point of view. Description acts as a symbol from which the reader can easily understand the message of the English essay.   Placing an order at .com, you receive custom written English essay and free outline.   In addition, you are welcome to request free services such as editing, revision, and cover page.   We are open for mutually beneficial cooperation based on tr ust and respect.

Harriet Tubman- the most respected personalitie of the 19th century Essay

Harriet Tubman- the most respected personalitie of the 19th century - Essay Example Harriet Tubman began working as an underground rail operator around 1850; this was immediately after the death of Edward Brodess in 1849. The death of Brodess left Tubman and the remaining members of her family at risk of being sold so as to settle some of her master’s debts. She ran away to freedom and found her way through the Underground Railroad to Philadelphia. In Philadelphia, she began working as a domestic help in saving some of the money she was being paid with the aim of saving her family members from slavery. The Underground Railroad was not a real railroad but a way for slaves to escape to freedom in the north. She was an operator or a conductor (Bradford ). These are the people who helped the slaves run away to freedom. These conductors showed the slaves where to hide so that the slave-hunters could not get them. They also got the food to eat and clothing before they got an alternative source of income.  She worked hard to save money for the intended trip home. Immediately the money was enough she left her job to free her sister.  ... She ran away to freedom and found her way through the Underground Railroad to Philadelphia. In Philadelphia she began working as a domestic help in saving some of the money she was being paid with the aim of saving her family members from slavery. The Underground Railroad was not a real rail road but a way for slaves to escape to freedom in the north. She was an operator or a conductor (Bradfrod ). These are the people who helped the slaves run away to freedom. These conductors showed the slaves where to hide so that the slave hunters could not get them. They also got them food to eat and clothing before they got an alternative source of income. Tubman initial aim was to get her family to liberty after she had freed herself to Philadelphia. She worked hard to save money for the intended trip home. Immediately the money was enough she left her job to free her sister. This is where her work began that later gave her the recognition that she has had until today. Tubman felt bad about th e suffering experienced by her family, friends and relatives in the hands of their masters. In the process of freeing her sister she decided to include others on the first trip (Sernett 20-50). She managed to save her family including her father, mother, brothers and sisters, cousins and nephews. It is estimated that she made between eleven to thirteen trips saving and protecting many slaves from masters and slave hunters. The many trips to free slaves made her famous for her work at the same time risking her life. At one moment the slave hunters grew tired of her activities and in decided to offer an award worth $ 40000 to anyone who would bring them Tubman. This did not deter her in her endeavor to

My Old Neighborhood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

My Old Neighborhood - Essay Example To start with, few years ago I went back to Benzie County found in Michigan State. This is where I grew up and made a lot of childhood friends. As I walked through the town from the train station, I saw various buildings that reminded me of my childhood age. Surprisingly, I bumped on one of my childhood friends by the name Christine, who worked at a law firm that was closely located to the train station. As the fate would have it, we got into a nearby restaurant where we shared a lot about our current lives and our childhood memories. Since Christine took up a job in Benzie County after completion of college education, she had seen a lot of transformation that took place in the county over the years. She enlightened me about other childhood friends who also decided to stay in Benzie County and also about political transformations that shaped the evident changes in the county. However, the stories by Christine were not striking compared to what I saw since I related what I saw to the memories of my childhood period. Firstly, as I was heading to the estate where I actually lived with my parents, I recounted how the tarmac road was well maintained by the local authority and plenty of vegetations were planted by the road side through a beautification program that was initiated by the then county clerk of Benzie County. In most weekends during my childhood, I spend my afternoons with my friends, at a section of the road that was not commonly used by vehicles, while skating. The reasons for using the section of the road were that the smooth surface was essential for good skating and there was an attractive atmosphere, which was cool because of the water used to irrigate flowers planted by the road. Apart from the road where I frequented for the skating sessions, there was a well kept playground located near our estate. The field was very attractive due to the presence of green vegetation at the edges and well trimmed

How use of Tone, Imagery & Form in Emily Dickersons poems help to Research Paper

How use of Tone, Imagery & Form in Emily Dickersons poems help to represent her feelings about life & death - Research Paper Example What critics might interpret as depression, Dickinson intended it to be wise insight. The tone of â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death† wavers between serenity and longing. As the protagonist of the poem is led away into death, which is symbolized by the carriage passing by the school and fields, there is a sense of calm and peace, almost relaxation. The protagonist is not only accepting that her death is taking place, but she is almost welcoming of it. â€Å"We slowly drove, he knew no haste, And I had put away My labor, and my leisure too (Dickinson & Vendler 42).† Though Death is the one driving slowly, the protagonist is still sitting back and allowing the journey to happen. Similarly, even though the protagonist was unable to stop for death, when death stopped for her she did not try to fight against it. However, as they passed the school and fields, a sense of longing took over as the protagonist realized all of the life that she was leaving behind her.  "We passed the school, where children strove [...], We passed the fields of grazing grain, we passed the setting sun. Or, according to Emily Dickinson and Helen Vendler (42), Death passed the protagonist (Dickinson & Vendler 42).† The protagonist included herself among those that Death was passing, revealing that she was not quite ready to go. As such, Dickinson may have been ready to accept death, but she was unable to completely let go of life. â€Å"I Felt a Funeral in My Brain† conveys the tones of aloneness and terror. Even though the poem immediately reveals that there are mourners present at this faux-funeral, the protagonist admits to feeling alone. â€Å"And I, and Silence, some some strange Race, Wrecked, solitary, here (Dickinson 97).† Since this poem discusses both death and life, there is an admittance to aloneness in both states (Farr 76). In death, the protagonist will have no one; in life, they had no one. It is in this way that Dickinson shows th ere is no difference between death and life. The tone of terror is also sensed as the protagonist descends into madness, which is what she meant by â€Å"I felt a funeral in my brain (Dickinson 97).† The protagonist is not really dying, but she is slipping into madness, and the journey is terrifying to her. Through this poem, it is revealed that life is lonely and terrifying, and death is the same way, especially because they are both being undergone alone. Despite the amount of company, life and death are independent matters. Emily Dickinson used imagery in her poems to bring new life to her own feelings. In â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death,† death is personified as a man or a suitor. Instead of the cliche grim reaper, Death is a civilized, welcoming man (Raina 11). The protagonist feels no fear accepting the ride from him, which shows how she does not fear death. Furthermore, the carriage ride displays the journey from life to death. Carriages are often conne cted with royalty or pleasant outings, and this was the method of transportation for death instead of a hearse, making it a comfortable ride to death (Baker 215). The house that the carriage arrives at represents the final resting place of the protagonist. Rather than a coffin or even a mausoleum, Dickinson picks a place that signifies warmth and comfort. All of these images provide a very calming experience of death as opposed to the horrid depictions

The Cinematic Spectator

The Cinematic Spectator The cinematic spectator Both Hugo Munsterberg and Rudolf Arnheim took particular interest in the cinematic spectator and how the moving pictures on the screen affected them. Through close psychological analysis and the formulation of processes, each had their own take on the spectators engagement in the cinematic experience. Through close analysis we can get an insight and clearer understanding of why people are drawn to motion pictures and what happens to them when they arrive. Munsterberg describes viewing as an aesthetic experience while Arnheim deems it an unreal experience. This aesthetic experience Munsterberg acknowledges is where the film is a detachment or isolation from our daily routine and real time and reality are left behind, an experience that is entirely self contained (Andrew, 26). This experience begins when the picture does as slowly the spectator is disengaged from their reality and engaging with the reality on the screen. They are content in perceiving everything during that moment, isolated from all outer surroundings. This experience, according to Munsterberg, is attained through ones mind and this was the foundation for his conclusions. Based in Gestalt psychology, Munsterberg saw the mind composed as several levels where the higher were dependent on the operation and functionality of the lower. When each level was engaged, the spectator could fully engage with the picture by resolving what Munsterberg referred to as undistinguished stimuli, subconscious renderings that are summoned while viewing the work, creating a world which one could relate emotionally to the events and objects. The spectators mind, according to Munsterberg, then creates an internal object through a phi-phenomenon where emphasis is placed on the active powers of the spectator giving the film fluidity by bringing the mind to a state of full engagement and contentment, mentally held in a state of rapt attention. Munsterberg writes we do not see objective reality but a product of our own mind which binds the pictures together (The Means of the Photoplay, 411-412) which is accomplished through the means of what Munsterberg deemed photoplay. Photopl ay tells the story of the outside world through the manipulation of events to the forms of the world on the screen. This is accomplished by taking the outer space, time, and causality and adjusting the inners attention, memory, imagination and emotion. He sees the spectator as one who undergoes a psychological connection with the moving images presented on the screen and draws rational relations to them through their own personal experiences. Rudolph Arnheim sees the spectator as an active viewer who pays attention to the films form. He feels the meaning is a pattern rather than individual stimuli and shifts the focus away from the psychological side, Munsterbergs main basis, and shifts the focus to the material itself, the happenings of the film. This material Arnheim claims must be all factors which make it a less than perfect illusion of reality (Andrew, 28). This unreality takes on all aspects of the medium by manipulating the film elements such as projection, reduction, lighting, color, framing and editing. The artist controls and manipulates these elements for their own expression in trying to tell the story and to keep the viewer interested in what is presented on the screen. These aspects also make up the fabric of what Arnheim deemed film art. Arnheim says film art is based on the manipulation of the technically visible, not the humanly visual (Andrew, 29) meaning the elements and technical aspects used to create the medium must be manipulated in a way which tap into human emotions, experiences and surroundings. Trying to present these elements, however, did not come without limitations, which challenged the artists and their limits of expression. When all of the elements were presented in cohesion, Arnheim said the viewer underwent a transformation. This is shown clearly in Charlie Chaplins 1936 film Modern Times where the viewer is able to fully engage with the main character as he gracefully fumbles through his work day around the factory. We are transformed from our everyday lives into this comedic wonderland and are left wanting more. During the 1920s and 30s, spectators along with the artists were still adapting to this developing medium. Portraying and projecting posed a challenge for the filmmakers as to how they were going to take a 3D image to 2 dimensional and still be able to express themselves artistically. Arnheims take was art begins where mechanical reproduction leaves off, where the conditions of reproductions serve in some way to mold the object. And the spectator shows himself to be lacking in proper aesthetic appreciation when he is satisfied to see the picture as purely objective (PP, 1933 edition, 68-69). Since the images constantly moving and portraying body language, facial expressions and interacting with other things, the viewer must be active and engaged, not just observing the film for its images. Our eyes work with our other senses which allow us to experience the medium itself while we become lost in the illusion on the screen. These are the means by which Arnheim said the spectator can tr eat the film as such rather than reality. There are many reasons people were and still are drawn to motion pictures. We are mesmerized by the stories, images and meanings. The cinematic experience is of both mind and body. We draw from our life experiences, memories and knowledge and are transcended into another world. The experience heightens the senses; it can make you laugh or cry, leave you happy or sad. The images and thoughts from our own minds are activated and we relate to them passing on the screen. We live vicariously through the character(s) for that moment in time, we are detached from reality, emotionally attached, transcended from our daily routines.

The Presence and Justification of Autoeroticism in The Rocking-Horse Wi

D.H. Lawrence’s writings often mirror elements of his own life, though they contain decidedly fictitious components. The characters in Lawrence’s The Rocking- Horse Winner closely resemble his own family. Like Paul, Lawrence was seeking a way out of the misfortune of pre-war London living. Unlike Lawrence, Paul is already well-to-do. Paul’s search consists of a yearning for affection and acceptance. In The Rocking-Horse Winner a young boy finds a certain calling within himself that serves to vastly improve the standing of his entire family. However, Paul’s supernatural ability to choose the winners of horse races is but a cursory assessment of the story’s secrets. Digging deeper, the reader becomes aware of a darker meaning to Paul’s wild rides. There are two things are revealed throughout Paul’s character development; first, that he is seeking his mother’s affection. Secondly, in doing so, there is an apparent autoeroticis m linked to his seemingly innocent rocking-horse. Chief in the comprehension of Paul’s longing for motherly affection is having an understanding of Paul’s mother. She is generally a detached woman. Cold by most accounts, even her own, â€Å"only she herself [knows] that at the center of her heart [is] a hard little place that [can] not feel love, no, not for anybody† (Lawrence, 559). Paul’s mother feels the three children are a burden on an already cash strapped and unfulfilling relationship with her husband. Therefore, she is phony and removed where they are concerned. â€Å"She [has] bonny children, yet she [feels] they [have] been thrust upon her, and she [can] not love them [†¦] when her children [are] present, she always [feels] the center of her heart go hard† (Lawrence, 559). Symptoms of post-partum depr... ...nt Psychology: Individual Bases of Adolescent Development. Ed. Richard M. Lerner and Laurence D. Steinber. 3rd ed. Vol. 1. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2009. 576-81. Print Gioia, Dana. "The Rocking-Horse Winner." Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. By X. J. Kennedy. 11th ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2010. 556-63. Print. Isaacs, Neil D. â€Å"The Autoerotic Metaphor in Joyce, Sterne, Lawrence, Stevens, and Whitman.† Literature and Psychology. 15th ed. 1965. 98-102. Print. Kazdin, Alan E. "Oedipus Complex." Encyclopedia of Psychology. Vol. 5. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 2000. 494-96. Print. Lamson, Roy, et al., eds. â€Å"Critical Analysis of ‘The Rocking-Horse Winner.’† The Critical Reader. Rev. ed. New York: Norton, 1962. 52-6. Print. Widmer, Kingsley. The Art of Perversity. Seattle: Washington UP, 1962. Print.

Argumentative Essay Abortion Essay

Our world today is full of unsolved and controversial issues. Most of them relate to our morals, ethics and religion, thus creating a very strong yes and no, or good and bad side. Abortion has a very outstanding black and white side but also contains traces of each in the alternating colour. This shows that if you were to come to any kind of conclusion on abortion, there would still be a downside to it, and that is primarily why the world cannot agree on this sensitive and emotional issue. An abortion is when the pregnancy is ended so that it does not result in the birth of a child. It allows women to put an end to their pregnancies, but involves killing the undeveloped embryo or fetus. For this reason, it is a very controversial subject. Being pregnant and wishing you weren’t is probably the worst feeling a woman can have. Knowing that if you brought a child into the world and you didn’t want it, or you would have to give it up for adoption is such a disheartening way to start off, and you and the un-born child would be so much better off if you were to terminate the pregnancy and wait for a more appropriate time, or in the case of rape, put the past behind you and move on. When we hear of women having abortions, we seem to automatically think that she wasn’t careful enough, or she didn’t use contraception. We forget to stop and think about the other possible reasons, she may have accidentally become pregnant. Just forgetting to take one pill per packet can reduce it’s effectiveness. Condoms can tear or be forgotten, and emergency contraceptives like the morning after pill are not easily obtainable. 50% of women getting an abortion in Britain used some form of contraception when they got pregnant. This obviously shows that women are having huge problems with using contraception, and something needs to be done about it. This also means that we can’t judge people immediately. Women are still getting pregnant even though they use contraceptives. I think that women have the right to get an abortion if they tried to prevent the pregnacy. My thesis is: Abortion should be legalized. Arguments: 1. Personhood begins at birth, not at fertilization,. 2. Fetuses are incapable of feeling pain when an abortion is performed. 3. An association between abortion and breast cancer is unsubstantiated. Counter arguments: 1. Abortion involves killing a human being 2. Fetuses feel pain during the abortion procedure 3. Abortion increases the likelihood that women will develop breast cancer Refutation of the counter argument: 1. A lot of people have the counter argument â€Å"abortion is murder†. That’s not true, abortion is the termination of a pregnancy, not a baby. Personhood at fertilization, is not a proven biological fact. To think that personhood starts at fertilization is a religious belief, nor a provable fact. 2. According to Stuart W. G. Derbyshire, PhD, Senior Lecturer at the University of Birmingham (England), â€Å"not only has the biological development not yet occurred to support pain experience, but the environment after birth, so necessary to the development of pain experience, is also yet to occur.† 3. The National Cancer Institute, the American Cancer Society, and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists have all refuted the reliability of studies claiming abortion can lead to a higher probability of developing breast cancer. 1. Stuart W. G. Derbyshire, PhD, â€Å"Can Fetuses Feel Pain?,† British Medical Journal, Apr. 29, 2006 2. Planned Parenthood of New Jersey, â€Å"Anti-choice Claims About Abortion and Breast Cancer,† Sources used in this report: http://www.bmj.com/content/332/7546/909 http://www.debate.org/abortion-debate/ http://www.patheos.com/blogs/rogereolson/2013/07/questions-about-both-sides-of-the-abortion-debate/ http://www.rfsu.se/Sex-och-politik/Fokus-SRHR/Ratten-till-abort/ www.plannedparenthoodnj.org

Digital Fortress Chapter 5

â€Å"Where is everyone?† Susan wondered as she crossed the deserted Crypto floor. Some emergency. Although most NSA departments were fully staffed seven days a week, Crypto was generally quiet on Saturdays. Cryptographic mathematicians were by nature high-strung workaholics, and there existed an unwritten rule that they take Saturdays off except in emergencies. Code-breakers were too valuable a commodity at the NSA to risk losing them to burnout. As Susan traversed the floor, TRANSLTR loomed to her right. The sound of the generators eight stories below sounded oddly ominous today. Susan never liked being in Crypto during off hours. It was like being trapped alone in a cage with some grand, futuristic beast. She quickly made her way toward the commander's office. Strathmore's glass-walled workstation, nicknamed â€Å"the fishbowl† for its appearance when the drapes were open, stood high atop a set of catwalk stairs on the back wall of Crypto. As Susan climbed the grated steps, she gazed upward at Strathmore's thick, oak door. It bore the NSA seal-a bald eagle fiercely clutching an ancient skeleton key. Behind that door sat one of the greatest men she'd ever met. Commander Strathmore, the fifty-six-year-old deputy director of operations, was like a father to Susan. He was the one who'd hired her, and he was the one who'd made the NSA her home. When Susan joined the NSA over a decade ago, Strathmore was heading the Crypto Development Division-a training ground for new cryptographers-new male cryptographers. Although Strathmore never tolerated the hazing of anyone, he was especially protective of his sole female staff member. When accused of favoritism, he simply replied with the truth: Susan Fletcher was one of the brightest young recruits he'd ever seen, and he had no intention of losing her to sexual harassment. One of the cryptographers foolishly decided to test Strathmore's resolve. One morning during her first year, Susan dropped by the new cryptographers' lounge to get some paperwork. As she left, she noticed a picture of herself on the bulletin board. She almost fainted in embarrassment. There she was, reclining on a bed and wearing only panties. As it turned out, one of the cryptographers had digitally scanned a photo from a pornographic magazine and edited Susan's head onto someone else's body. The effect had been quite convincing. Unfortunately for the cryptographer responsible, Commander Strathmore did not find the stunt even remotely amusing. Two hours later, a landmark memo went out: EMPLOYEE CARL AUSTIN TERMINATED FOR INAPPROPRIATE CONDUCT. From that day on, nobody messed with her; Susan Fletcher was Commander Strathmore's golden girl. But Strathmore's young cryptographers were not the only ones who learned to respect him; early in his career Strathmore made his presence known to his superiors by proposing a number of unorthodox and highly successful intelligence operations. As he moved up the ranks, Trevor Strathmore became known for his cogent, reductive analyses of highly complex situations. He seemed to have an uncanny ability to see past the moral perplexities surrounding the NSA's difficult decisions and to act without remorse in the interest of the common good. There was no doubt in anyone's mind that Strathmore loved his country. He was known to his colleagues as a patriot and a visionary†¦ a decent man in a world of lies. In the years since Susan's arrival at the NSA, Strathmore had skyrocketed from head of Crypto Development to second-in-command of the entire NSA. Now only one man outranked Commander Strathmore there-Director Leland Fontaine, the mythical overlord of the Puzzle Palace-never seen, occasionally heard, and eternally feared. He and Strathmore seldom saw eye to eye, and when they met, it was like the clash of the titans. Fontaine was a giant among giants, but Strathmore didn't seem to care. He argued his ideas to the director with all the restraint of an impassioned boxer. Not even the President of the United States dared challenge Fontaine the way Strathmore did. One needed political immunity to do that-or, in Strathmore's case, political indifference. Susan arrived at the top of the stairs. Before she could knock, Strathmore's electronic door lock buzzed. The door swung open, and the commander waved her in. â€Å"Thanks for coming, Susan. I owe you one.† â€Å"Not at all.† She smiled as she sat opposite his desk. Strathmore was a rangy, thick-fleshed man whose muted features somehow disguised his hard-nosed efficiency and demand for perfection. His gray eyes usually suggested a confidence and discretion born from experience, but today they looked wild and unsettled. â€Å"You look beat,† Susan said. â€Å"I've been better.† Strathmore sighed. I'll say, she thought. Strathmore looked as bad as Susan had ever seen him. His thinning gray hair was disheveled, and even in the room's crisp air-conditioning, his forehead was beaded with sweat. He looked like he'd slept in his suit. He was sitting behind a modern desk with two recessed keypads and a computer monitor at one end. It was strewn with computer printouts and looked like some sort of alien cockpit propped there in the center of his curtained chamber. â€Å"Tough week?† she inquired. Strathmore shrugged. â€Å"The usual. The EFF's all over me about civilian privacy rights again.† Susan chuckled. The EFF, or Electronics Frontier Foundation, was a worldwide coalition of computer users who had founded a powerful civil liberties coalition aimed at supporting free speech on-line and educating others to the realities and dangers of living in an electronic world. They were constantly lobbying against what they called â€Å"the Orwellian eavesdropping capabilities of government agencies†-particularly the NSA. The EFF was a perpetual thorn in Strathmore's side. â€Å"Sounds like business as usual,† she said. â€Å"So what's this big emergency you got me out of the tub for?† Strathmore sat a moment, absently fingering the computer trackball embedded in his desktop. After a long silence, he caught Susan's gaze and held it. â€Å"What's the longest you've ever seen TRANSLTR take to break a code?† The question caught Susan entirely off guard. It seemed meaningless. This is what he called me in for? â€Å"Well†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She hesitated. â€Å"We hit a COMINT intercept a few months ago that took about an hour, but it had a ridiculously long key-ten thousand bits or something like that.† Strathmore grunted. â€Å"An hour, huh? What about some of the boundary probes we've run?† Susan shrugged. â€Å"Well, if you include diagnostics, it's obviously longer.† â€Å"How much longer?† Susan couldn't imagine what Strathmore was getting at. â€Å"Well, sir, I tried an algorithm last March with a segmented million-bit key. Illegal looping functions, cellular automata, the works. TRANSLTR still broke it.† â€Å"How long?† â€Å"Three hours.† Strathmore arched his eyebrows. â€Å"Three hours? That long?† Susan frowned, mildly offended. Her job for the last three years had been to fine-tune the most secret computer in the world; most of the programming that made TRANSLTR so fast was hers. A million-bit key was hardly a realistic scenario. â€Å"Okay,† Strathmore said. â€Å"So even in extreme conditions, the longest a code has ever survived inside TRANSLTR is about three hours?† Susan nodded. â€Å"Yeah. More or less.† Strathmore paused as if afraid to say something he might regret. Finally he looked up. â€Å"TRANSLTR's hit something†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He stopped. Susan waited. â€Å"More than three hours?† Strathmore nodded. She looked unconcerned. â€Å"A new diagnostic? Something from the Sys-Sec Department?† Strathmore shook his head. â€Å"It's an outside file.† Susan waited for the punch line, but it never came. â€Å"An outside file? You're joking, right?† â€Å"I wish. I queued it last night around eleven thirty. It hasn't broken yet.† Susan's jaw dropped. She looked at her watch and then back at Strathmore. â€Å"It's still going? Over fifteen hours?† Strathmore leaned forward and rotated his monitor toward Susan. The screen was black except for a small, yellow text box blinking in the middle. TIME ELAPSED: 15:09:33 AWAITING KEY: ________ Susan stared in amazement. It appeared TRANSLTR had been working on one code for over fifteen hours. She knew the computer's processors auditioned thirty million keys per second-one hundred billion per hour. If TRANSLTR was still counting, that meant the key had to be enormous-over ten billion digits long. It was absolute insanity. â€Å"It's impossible!† she declared. â€Å"Have you checked for error flags? Maybe TRANSLTR hit a glitch and-â€Å" â€Å"The run's clean.† â€Å"But the pass-key must be huge!† Strathmore shook his head. â€Å"Standard commercial algorithm. I'm guessing a sixty-four-bit key.† Mystified, Susan looked out the window at TRANSLTR below. She knew from experience that it could locate a sixty-four-bit key in under ten minutes. â€Å"There's got to be some explanation.† Strathmore nodded. â€Å"There is. You're not going to like it.† Susan looked uneasy. â€Å"Is TRANSLTR malfunctioning?† â€Å"TRANSLTR's fine.† â€Å"Have we got a virus?† Strathmore shook his head. â€Å"No virus. Just hear me out.† Susan was flabbergasted. TRANSLTR had never hit a code it couldn't break in under an hour. Usually the cleartext was delivered to Strathmore's printout module within minutes. She glanced at the high-speed printer behind his desk. It was empty. â€Å"Susan,† Strathmore said quietly. â€Å"This is going to be hard to accept at first, but just listen a minute.† He chewed his lip. â€Å"This code that TRANSLTR's working on-it's unique. It's like nothing we've ever seen before.† Strathmore paused, as if the words were hard for him to say. â€Å"This code is unbreakable.† Susan stared at him and almost laughed. Unbreakable? What was THAT supposed to mean? There was no such thing as an unbreakable code-some took longer than others, but every code was breakable. It was mathematically guaranteed that sooner or later TRANSLTR would guess the right key. â€Å"I beg your pardon?† â€Å"The code's unbreakable,† he repeated flatly. Unbreakable? Susan couldn't believe the word had been uttered by a man with twenty-seven years of code analysis experience. â€Å"Unbreakable, sir?† she said uneasily. â€Å"What about the Bergofsky Principle?† Susan had learned about the Bergofsky Principle early in her career. It was a cornerstone of brute-force technology. It was also Strathmore's inspiration for building TRANSLTR. The principle clearly stated that if a computer tried enough keys, it was mathematically guaranteed to find the right one. A code's security was not that its pass-key was unfindable but rather that most people didn't have the time or equipment to try. Strathmore shook his head. â€Å"This code's different.† â€Å"Different?† Susan eyed him askance. An unbreakable code is a mathematical impossibility! He knows that! Strathmore ran a hand across his sweaty scalp. â€Å"This code is the product of a brand-new encryption algorithm-one we've never seen before.† Now Susan was even more doubtful. Encryption algorithms were just mathematical formulas, recipes for scrambling text into code. Mathematicians and programmers created new algorithms every day. There were hundreds of them on the market-PGP, Diffie-Hellman, ZIP, IDEA, El Gamal. TRANSLTR broke all of their codes every day, no problem. To TRANSLTR all codes looked identical, regardless of which algorithm wrote them. â€Å"I don't understand,† she argued. â€Å"We're not talking about reverse-engineering some complex function, we're talking brute force. PGP, Lucifer, DSA-it doesn't matter. The algorithm generates a key it thinks is secure, and TRANSLTR keeps guessing until it finds it.† Strathmore's reply had the controlled patience of a good teacher. â€Å"Yes, Susan, TRANSLTR will always find the key-even if it's huge.† He paused a long moment. â€Å"Unless†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Susan wanted to speak, but it was clear Strathmore was about to drop his bomb. Unless what? â€Å"Unless the computer doesn't know when it's broken the code.† Susan almost fell out of her chair. â€Å"What!† â€Å"Unless the computer guesses the correct key but just keeps guessing because it doesn't realize it found the right key.† Strathmore looked bleak. â€Å"I think this algorithm has got a rotating cleartext.† Susan gaped. The notion of a rotating cleartext function was first put forth in an obscure, 1987 paper by a Hungarian mathematician, Josef Harne. Because brute-force computers broke codes by examining cleartext for identifiable word patterns, Harne proposed an encryption algorithm that, in addition to encrypting, shifted decrypted cleartext over a time variant. In theory, the perpetual mutation would ensure that the attacking computer would never locate recognizable word patterns and thus never know when it had found the proper key. The concept was somewhat like the idea of colonizing Mars-fathomable on an intellectual level, but, at present, well beyond human ability. â€Å"Where did you get this thing?† she demanded. The commander's response was slow. â€Å"A public sector programmer wrote it.† â€Å"What?† Susan collapsed back in her chair. â€Å"We've got the best programmers in the world downstairs! All of us working together have never even come close to writing a rotating cleartext function. Are you trying to tell me some punk with a PC figured out how to do it?† Strathmore lowered his voice in an apparent effort to calm her. â€Å"I wouldn't call this guy a punk.† Susan wasn't listening. She was convinced there had to be some other explanation: A glitch. A virus. Anything was more likely than an unbreakable code. Strathmore eyed her sternly. â€Å"One of the most brilliant cryptographic minds of all time wrote this algorithm.† Susan was more doubtful than ever; the most brilliant cryptographic minds of all time were in her department, and she certainly would have heard about an algorithm like this. â€Å"Who?† she demanded. â€Å"I'm sure you can guess.† Strathmore said. â€Å"He's not too fond of the NSA.† â€Å"Well, that narrows it down!† she snapped sarcastically. â€Å"He worked on the TRANSLTR project. He broke the rules. Almost caused an intelligence nightmare. I deported him.† Susan's face was blank only an instant before going white. â€Å"Oh my God†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Strathmore nodded. â€Å"He's been bragging all year about his work on a brute-force-resistant algorithm.† â€Å"B-but†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Susan stammered. â€Å"I thought he was bluffing. He actually did it?† â€Å"He did. The ultimate unbreakable code-writer.† Susan was silent a long moment. â€Å"But†¦ that means†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Strathmore looked her dead in the eye. â€Å"Yes. Ensei Tankado just made TRANSLTR obsolete.†